## Java Strings are First-Class Objects

> By convention, C and C++ strings are null-terminated array of characters; there is no real entity in C and C++ that is a string. Java strings are first-class objects.

> Strings as objects provides several advantages to the programmer:

> - the manner in which you obtain strings and elements of strings is consistent across all strings and all systems
> - since the programming interface for the String and StringBuffer classes is well-defined, Java Strings function predictably every time
> - the String and StringBuffer class does extensive runtime checking for boundary conditions and catches errors for you
> To illustrate why this is an important feature of Java, let's look at a small example. This C function copies the contents of `src` into `dest`.

> >     int myStrCopy(char *dest, char *src)
> >     {
> >         for ( ; *src != '\0'; src++, dest++)
> >             *dest = *src;
> >     }

> #### C Strings Behave Unpredictably

> > In the example shown above, the developer uses pointer arithmetic to step through both strings copying one into the other. While allowing programmers to inspect arbitrary memory locations through pointers is a powerful tool, this power can be the source of many errors. One fruitful source of errors is pointers that stray off the end of an array. The `myStrCopy` function above has such an error: the `for` loop in the function does not check the length of `dest`, and if `src` is longer than `dest` the string copy writes right over the end of `dest`. Here's a program that tickles the bug.

> > >     main() {
> > >         char *s = "HotJava is Cool!";
> > >         char t[] = "Java is Cool!";

> > >         printf("%s, %s\n", s, t);
> > >         myStrCopy(t, s);
> > >         printf("%s, %s\n", s, t);
> > >     }

> > On my machine, the program prints:

> > >     HotJava is Cool!, HotJava is Cool!%s, %s

> > `myStrCopy` writes over the end of `dest` thereby corrupting whatever was stored in the memory after it. NOTE: `%s, %s` are the characters that happened to be stored in the memory location after `dest` and will probably be different when you run the program on your machine.

> > Sure, the error in `myStrCopy` can be fixed easily. But errors like this are often difficult to find.

> #### Java Strings are Predictable

> > Java strings are first-class objects deriving either from the String class or the StringBuffer class. This makes finding and fixing an entire class of common and frustrating programming errors such as the one illustrated above trivial.

> > Here's the program above (including the error) rewritten in the Java language.

> > >     class strcpy {
> > >         public static void main(String[] args) {
> > >             String s = "HotJava is Cool!";
> > >             StringBuffer t = new StringBuffer("Java is Cool!");

> > >             System.out.println(s + ", " + t);
> > >             myStrCopy(t, s);
> > >             System.out.println(s + ", " + t);
> > >         }

> > >         static void myStrCopy(StringBuffer dest, String src) {
> > >             int i, len = src.length();

> > >             for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
> > >                 dest.setCharAt(i, src.charAt(i));
> > >         }
> > >     }

> > Notice that this translation uses the String class, the StringBuffer class and the methods appropriate for obtaining specific characters instead of character arrays and pointers.

> > Like the C version, the Java language version of the `myStrCopy` method loops over the length of `src` and never checks the length of `dest`. Thus, when `src` is longer than `dest`, the method tries to obtain characters beyond the end of `dest`. However, when you run the Java language version, you'll see the following runtime error message.

> > >     Exception in thread "main" java.lang.StringIndexOutOfRangeException String index out of range: 13
> > >         at java.lang.Exception.< init >(Exception.java)
> > >         at java.lang.StringIndexOutOfRangeException.< init >(StringIndexOutOfRangeException.java)
> > >         at java.lang.StringBuffer.setCharAt(StringBuffer.java)
> > >         at strcpy.myStrCopy(strcpy.java:23)
> > >         at strcpy.main(strcpy.java:15)

> > The primary difference between the Java language version of this program and the C version, is that the Java program will reliably and obviously crash, whereas the C program will do something obscure.