| Using System Resources

## The Standard I/O Streams

> The concept of standard input and output streams is a C library concept that has been assimilated into the Java environment. There are three standard streams, all of which are managed by the java.lang.System class:
> standard input--referenced by `System.in`
>   Used for program input, typically reads input entered by the user.
> standard output--referenced by `System.out`
>   Used for program output, typically displays information to the user.
> standard error--referenced by `System.err`
>   Used to display error messages to the user.

> #### Standard Input Stream

> > The System class provides a stream for reading text--the standard input stream. The example program in The Nuts and Bolts of the Java Language uses the standard input stream to count the number of characters typed in by the user. Visit The Standard Input and Output Streams in that lesson for a discussion about the standard input stream.

> #### Standard Output and Error Streams

> > Probably the most often used items from the System class are the the standard output and standard error streams, which you can use to display text to the user.

> > The standard output stream is typically used for command output, that is, to display the results of a command to the user. The standard error stream is typically used to display any errors that occur when a program is running.

> > #### The print(), println(), and write() Methods

> > > Both standard output and standard error derive from the PrintStream class. Thus, you use one of PrintStream's three methods to print text to the stream: `print()`, `println()`, and `write()`.

> > > The `print()` and `println()` methods are essentially the same; they both write their String argument to the stream. The one difference between the two methods is that `println()` appends a newline character to the end of its output while `print()` does not. In other words, this

> > > >     System.out.print("Duke is not a penguin!\n");

> > > is equivalent to this

> > > >     System.out.println("Duke is not a penguin!");

> > > Notice the extra `\n` in the first method call; it's the two-character code for a newline character. `println()` automatically appends a newline character to its output.

> > > The `write()`method is less frequently used than either of the `print()`methods, and is used to write bytes to the stream. Use `write()` to write non-ASCII data.

> > #### Arguments to print() and println()

> > > The `print()` and `println()` methods both take a single argument. The argument may be one of any of the following data types: Object, String, `char[]`, `int`, `long`, `float`, `double`, and `boolean`. In addition, there's an extra version of `println()` that takes no arguments and just prints a newline to the stream.

> > #### Printing Objects of Different Data Types

> > > The following program uses `println()` to output data of various types to the standard output stream.

> > > >     class DataTypePrintTest {
> > > >         public static void main(String[] args) {

> > > >             Thread objectData = new Thread();
> > > >             String stringData = "Java Mania";
> > > >             char[] charArrayData = { 'a', 'b', 'c' };
> > > >             int integerData = 4;
> > > >             long longData = Long.MIN_VALUE;
> > > >             float floatData = Float.MAX_VALUE;
> > > >             double doubleData = Math.PI;
> > > >             boolean booleanData = true;

> > > >             System.out.println(objectData);
> > > >             System.out.println(stringData);
> > > >             System.out.println(charArrayData);
> > > >             System.out.println(integerData);
> > > >             System.out.println(longData);
> > > >             System.out.println(floatData);
> > > >             System.out.println(doubleData);
> > > >             System.out.println(booleanData);
> > > >         }
> > > >     }

> > > The program listed above produces this output:

> > > >     Thread[Thread-4,5,main]
> > > >     Java Mania
> > > >     abc
> > > >     4
> > > >     -9223372036854775808
> > > >     3.40282e+38
> > > >     3.14159
> > > >     true

> > > Notice that you can print an object--the first `println()` method call prints a Thread object and the second prints a String object. When you use `print()` or `println()` to print an object, the data printed depends on the type of the object. In the example, printing a String object yields the contents of the String. However, printing a Thread yields a string of this format

> > > >     ThreadClass[name,priority,group]

> > #### See Also

> > > java.io.PrintStream
> > > Input and Output Streams

> | Using System Resources